Use of natural low-level radioactivity of raw materials to evaluate gravel pack and cement placement in wells

ABSTRACT

Methods for logging a well utilizing natural radioactivity originating from clay based particulates are disclosed. The methods can include utilizing a gravel pack slurry containing a liquid and gravel pack particles to hydraulically place the particles into a gravel pack zone of a borehole penetrating a subterranean formation and obtaining a post gravel pack data set by lowering into the borehole traversing the subterranean formation a gamma ray detector and detecting gamma rays resulting from a native radioactivity of the gravel pack particles. The methods can further include using the post gravel pack data set to determine a location of the gravel pack particles and correlating the location of the gravel-pack particles to a depth measurement of the borehole to determine the location, height, and/or percent fill of gravel-pack particles placed in the gravel pack zone of the borehole.

FIELD

The present invention relates to gravel packing and cementingoperations, and more specifically to methods for identifying gravel packor cement material in the vicinity of a borehole using gamma raydetectors.

BACKGROUND

There have been many nuclear logging technologies utilized in oil andgas wells in the past to evaluate the placement of gravel placed in agravel packed interval of a wellbore, and cement placed in the annuluseither between casing strings or between an outer casing and theborehole wall. Gravel pack evaluation oftentimes includes: (1) neutronor gamma ray count rates in conventional neutron logging tools employingneutron sources, (2) count rates and density measurements from gamma raydetectors in density-based logging tools with gamma ray sources, (3)detector count rates, silicon yields, and borehole capture cross sectionmeasurements from pulsed neutron logging tools, (4) gamma ray countrates from radioactive tracers (generated in a nuclear reactor) mixedand pumped downhole with the gravel pack material, and (5) yield and/orattenuation measurements from non-radioactive tracers added to, orintegrated into, pack solids subsequently detected by neutron or pulsedneutron logging tools. Many of these nuclear technologies (in additionto conventional acoustic source-receiver based cement evaluation tools)have also been used to evaluate downhole cement placement. All of thesetechniques involve the use of fairly sophisticated logging tools usingnuclear or acoustic sources, and in many cases, also involve theaddition of radioactive or non-radioactive tracers to the gravel packand cement slurries being pumped downhole. The use of tracers and/orsophisticated logging tools can add to the overall cost of a well.

There is a need, therefore, for a logging technique that does notrequire the use of sophisticated logging tools containing nuclear oracoustic sources. There is also a need for a logging technique that doesnot require the addition of tracers or tracer material to gravel pack orcement slurries.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 is a perspective view of an exemplary gamma ray calibrator.

FIG. 2 is an exemplary pulsed neutron tool-based field well log foridentification of untagged ceramic material in a gravel pack region of awellbore. Various data collected in two detectors in the pulsed neutrontool during and between the neutron bursts are processed to develop thecurves in the figure which are then utilized to detect gamma raysoriginating from ceramic gravel pack particles.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

Sand and/or ceramic proppant is oftentimes used in gravel packs. Onemethod of evaluating gravel pack quality includes using a siliconactivation log measured by a pulsed neutron tool. Gravel pack qualitycan also be evaluated by utilizing proppant (or other pack solids)tagged with a non-radioactive tracer (NRT) containing a high thermalneutron capture cross section material, and then evaluating changes inthe borehole capture cross section (sigma) log, the detector count ratelog, and/or the non-radioactive tracer yield log (such as a gadoliniumyield log), where the non-radioactive tracer/tag is integrated into theproppant.

Ordinary ceramic proppant is oftentimes made from clay, which cancontain small amounts of the naturally occurring radioactive elements(such as uranium, thorium and potassium, and their decay products,including radium). As such, ceramic proppant can have a significantnaturally occurring radioactivity relative to either the other solids ingravel packs or the natural gamma background coming from the downholeformations. When ceramic proppant or a mixture of ceramic proppant and(essentially non-radioactive) sand are used as gravel pack solids, thenatural gamma ray log reading can increase due to the significant amountof gamma activity coming from the ceramic material in the gravel packzone, which is in close proximity to the logging tool.

It has been discovered that certain solids suitable for placement in adownhole subterranean environment can contain enough natural radioactiveimpurities to enable a comparison of gamma ray logs before and aftersolids placement to detect an increase in natural gamma radioactivityoriginating from the solids placed downhole. In one or more exemplaryembodiments, a gravel pack or cement slurry can include the naturallyradioactive solids. The detection of natural gamma radioactivityoriginating from the solids can be used to detect a gravel pack orcement. In one or more exemplary embodiments, the pre- and post-solidsplacement gamma ray logs can be normalized prior to evaluating anincrease in the post-placement log relative to the pre-placement log.

The solids can include any ceramic particulate material. For example,the solids can include gravel pack particles having a ceramic material.The gravel pack particles can be formed from a raw material having anatural or native radioactivity, such as clays including, but notlimited to, kaolin, bauxite and the like. In one or more exemplaryembodiments, the gravel pack particles can be or include any suitableceramic proppant. The gravel pack particles can be or include silicaand/or alumina in any suitable amounts. According to several exemplaryembodiments, the gravel pack particles include less than or equal to 100wt %, less than 80 wt %, less than 60 wt %, less than 40 wt %, less than30 wt %, less than 20 wt %, less than 10 wt %, or less than 5 wt %silica based on the total weight of the gravel pack particles. Accordingto several exemplary embodiments, the gravel pack particles include atleast about 30 wt %, at least about 50 wt %, at least about 60 wt %, atleast about 70 wt %, at least about 80 wt %, at least about 90 wt %, orat least about 95 wt % alumina based on the total weight of the gravelpack particles. In one or more exemplary embodiments, the gravel packparticles can be or include sand.

According to several exemplary embodiments, the gravel pack particlesdisclosed herein include proppant particles that are substantially roundand spherical having a size in a range between about 6 and 270 U.S.Mesh. For example, the size of the particles can be expressed as a grainfineness number (GFN) in a range of from about 15 to about 300, or fromabout 30 to about 110, or from about 40 to about 70. According to suchexamples, a sample of sintered particles can be screened in a laboratoryfor separation by size, for example, intermediate sizes between 20, 30,40, 50, 70, 100, 140, 200, and 270 U.S. mesh sizes to determine GFN. Thecorrelation between sieve size and GFN can be determined according toProcedure 106-87-S of the American Foundry Society Mold and Core TestHandbook, which is known to those of ordinary skill in the art.

According to several exemplary embodiments of the present invention, theceramic proppant disclosed herein can be or include conventionalproppant. Such conventional proppant can be manufactured according toany suitable process including, but not limited to continuous sprayatomization, spray fluidization, spray drying, or compression. Suitableconventional proppants and methods for their manufacture are disclosedin U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,068,718, 4,427,068, 4,440,866, 4,522,731, 4,623,630,4,658,899, 5,188,175, 8,865,693, 8,883,693 and 9,175,210, the entiredisclosures of which are incorporated herein by reference. The ceramicproppants can also be manufactured in a manner that creates porosity inthe proppant grain. A process to manufacture a suitable porous ceramicproppant is described in U.S. Pat. No. 7,036,591, the entire disclosureof which is incorporated herein by reference.

The gravel pack particles can also include a thermal neutron absorbingmaterial. The thermal neutron absorbing material can be boron, cadmium,gadolinium, samarium, iridium, or mixtures thereof. Suitable boroncontaining high capture cross-section materials include boron carbide,boron nitride, boric acid, high boron concentrate glass, zinc borate,borax, and combinations thereof. A proppant containing 0.1% by weight ofboron carbide has a macroscopic capture cross-section of approximately92 capture units. A suitable proppant containing 0.025-0.030% by weightof gadolinium oxide has similar thermal neutron absorption properties asa proppant containing 0.1% by weight of boron carbide. According toother embodiments of the present invention, at least a portion of theproppant utilized includes about 0.025% to about 4.0% by weight of thethermal neutron absorbing material. According to certain embodiments ofthe present invention, the proppant containing the thermal neutronabsorbing material includes a concentration of about 0.01%, about 0.05%,or about 0.1% to about 2.0%, about 3.0%, or about 4.0% by weight of aboron compound thermal neutron absorbing material. According to certainembodiments of the present invention, the proppant containing thethermal neutron absorbing material includes a concentration of aboutabout 0.01% or about 0.025% to about 0.5% or about 1.0% by weight of agadolinium compound thermal neutron absorbing material.

The term “cement,” as used herein, can refer to any suitable hydrauliccement. The hydraulic cement can be or include any suitable matter, suchas calcium, aluminum, silicon, oxygen, and/or sulfur, which sets andhardens by reaction with water. Such hydraulic cements include, but arenot limited to, Portland cements, pozzolanic cements, gypsum cements,high alumina content cements, silica cements, combinations thereof, andthe like. In one or more exemplary embodiments, the cement material canbe or include a native or natural radioactivity. For example, the cementcan be formed from a raw material having a natural or nativeradioactivity, such as a clay including, but not limited to, kaolin,bauxite and the like.

In one or more exemplary embodiments, the cement can be mixed with waterto form a cement slurry for placement in a wellbore or annulus. In oneor more exemplary embodiments, the cement slurry can contain water andcement in any suitable amounts. The cement slurry can have a cementconcentration of about 1 wt % to about 20 wt %.

In one or more exemplary embodiments, the cement can be mixed with waterand gravel pack particles and/or proppant particles to form a cementslurry for placement in a wellbore or annulus. In one or more exemplaryembodiments, the cement slurry can contain water, cement and proppantparticles in any suitable amounts. The cement slurry can have a cementconcentration of about 1 wt % to about 20 wt % and a proppantconcentration of about 5 wt % to about 70 wt %.

The gravel pack particles and/or cement material can be free of anythermal neutron absorbing material. In one or more exemplaryembodiments, the gravel pack particles and/or cement material do notcontain boron, cadmium, gadolinium, samarium, iridium, or anycombinations or mixtures thereof.

Well site gravel packing operations can include blending water withproppant or gravel pack particles to provide a gravel pack slurry, whichcan then be pumped down a well. The gravel pack slurry is forced into agravel pack region of a wellbore containing a gravel pack screen,resulting in a gravel pack placed between the screen and the casing.Well site cementing operations can include blending water withcementitious compositions to provide a slurry, which can then be pumpeddown a well. The slurry can also include or be mixed with proppant orgravel pack particles prior to being pumped down the well. The slurry isforced into an annular space between the casing and the formation and/oran annular space between two strings of casing.

Once the gravel pack and/or cement slurry is placed downhole, a gammaray detector can be lowered down the wellbore for detection of thegravel pack and/or cement. The gamma ray detector can be incorporatedinto or can itself be any suitable downhole tool. Examples of downholetools suitable for detecting gravel packs and cement as disclosed hereininclude but are not limited to logging-while-drilling (LWD) tools,measurement-while-drilling (MWD) tools, pulsed neutron capture (PNC)logging tools, compensated neutron tools, acoustic tools, density tools,directional drilling tools, drilling tools, fishing tools, formationevaluation tools, gamma density tools, gamma ray tools, gravity tools,magnetic resonance tools, monitoring tools, mud logging tools, neutrongamma density tools, nuclear tools, perforating tools, porosity tools,reservoir characterization tools, reservoir fluid sampling tools,reservoir pressure tools, reservoir solid sampling tools, resistivitytools, seismic tools, stimulation tools, surveying tools and/ortelemetry tools, although other downhole tools are also within the scopeof the present disclosure.

In gravel packing applications, a percentage fill of gravel packparticles in an annulus formed between an inner surface of a casing andan outer surface of a screen can be estimated in at least two methods.In the first method, gamma rays originating from two or more intervalsof a gravel pack region of a wellbore are observed. The interval havingthe maximum increase in gamma rays observed can be indicative of 100%fill, then the percentage fill in other intervals can be estimated usingthe percentage increase in natural gamma activity in these otherintervals relative to the maximum observed (the relationship, to a firstapproximation, can be linear (i.e., half the gamma ray log increaseequals a half filled annulus). Alternatively, a non-linear relationshipcan be developed from laboratory measurements or computer modeling. Incementing applications, the method can be similar to that of the gravelpacking applications, with the increase in gamma ray log count ratesrelated directly to the percentage fill of cement in the annular spacebetween casings, or to the volume of cement in a borehole annulusbetween an outer wall of a casing and the formation.

According to one or more exemplary embodiments, the gravel packedinterval identification process using measurements from a logging toolhaving a gamma ray detector includes:

1. Preparing a plurality of gravel pack particles. The gravel packparticles can be or include any of the gravel pack particles disclosedherein. For example, the gravel pack particles can be formed from a rawmaterial having a natural or native radioactivity, such as claysincluding, but not limited to, kaolin, bauxite and the like. In one ormore exemplary embodiments, the gravel pack particles can be or includeany suitable ceramic proppant having any suitable silica and/or aluminacontent.

2. Running and recording, or otherwise obtaining, a pre gravel packgamma ray log across the potential zone(s) to be gravel packed to obtaina pre gravel pack data set, and preferably also including zones outsidethe potential gravel pack zones.

3. Conducting a gravel packing operation in the well, incorporating thegravel pack particles into the slurry pumped downhole. The slurry pumpeddownhole can have any suitable solids content and the total combinedsolids in the slurry can have any suitable gravel pack particlesconcentration. The solids content of the slurry can have a gravel packparticle concentration of at least about 50 wt %, at least about 65 wt%, at least about 75 wt %, at least about 85 wt %, at least about 95 wt%, at least about 99 wt % or about 100 wt % based on the total combinedweight of the solids in the slurry on a dry basis.

4. Running and recording a post gravel packing gamma ray log, ifpossible utilizing the same tool type as used in the pre gravel packlog, across the potential zones of interest, including one or moregravel pack intervals to obtain a post gravel pack data set, andpreferably also including zones outside the interval where gravelpacking was anticipated. The logs may be run with the tool centered oreccentered within the casing or tubing. The pre gravel pack and postgravel pack logs are preferably run in the same condition ofeccentricity.

5. Comparing the pre gravel pack and post gravel pack data sets from thepre gravel pack and post gravel pack logs (after any log normalization),to determine location of gravel pack particles in two or more depthintervals of the wellbore. Normalization may be necessary if the pregravel pack and post gravel pack logs were run with different boreholeconditions, or if different tools or sources were used. This may beespecially true if the pre gravel pack log was recorded at an earliertime in the life history of the well, using wireline, memory, and/orlogging-while-drilling (LWD) sensors. Normalization procedures comparethe log data from zones preferably outside of the possibly packedintervals in the pre gravel pack and post gravel pack logs. Since thesezones have not changed between the logs, the gains and/or offsets areapplied to the logs to bring about agreement between the pre gravel packand post gravel pack logs in these normalization intervals. The samegains/offsets are then applied to the logs over the entire loggedinterval. Differences in the data indicate the presence of the gravelpack particles in the gravel packed annular region of the borehole.

6. Detecting a location, height, and/or percent fill of gravel packparticles placed in the annular region of the borehole by identifying aninterval having the maximum increase in observed gamma rays as beingindicative of 100% fill and estimating a percent fill in the remainingintervals using any increase observed natural gamma activity in anyother depth intervals as a percentage to the observed increase naturalgamma activity of the interval characterized as being 100% filled.

Further embodiments of the present disclosure include changes in themethods described herein such as, but not limited to, incorporatingmultiple pre gravel pack logs into any pre gravel pack versus postgravel pack comparisons, or the use of a simulated log for the pregravel pack log (such simulated logs being obtained for instance usingneural networks to generate simulated gamma ray log responses from otheropen or cased hole logs on the well), or the use of multiple stationarylogging measurements instead of, or in addition to, data collected withcontinuous logs.

According to one or more exemplary embodiments, a cement intervalidentification process using measurements from a logging tool having agamma ray detector includes:

1. Preparing a plurality of cement particles. The cement particles canbe or include any of the gravel pack particles or proppant disclosedherein. For example, the cement particles can be formed from a rawmaterial having a natural or native radioactivity, such as claysincluding, but not limited to, kaolin, bauxite and the like. In one ormore exemplary embodiments, the cement particles can be or include anysuitable ceramic proppant having any suitable silica and/or aluminacontent.

2. Running and recording, or otherwise obtaining, a pre cement gamma raylog across the potential zone(s) to be cemented to obtain a pre cementdata set, and preferably also including zones outside the potentialcemented zones.

3. Conducting a cementing operation in the well, incorporating thecement particles into the slurry pumped downhole. The slurry pumpeddownhole can have any suitable solids content and the total combinedsolids in the slurry can have any suitable cement particlesconcentration. The solids content of the slurry can have a cementparticle concentration of at least about 50 wt %, at least about 65 wt%, at least about 75 wt %, at least about 85 wt %, at least about 95 wt%, at least about 99 wt % or about 100 wt % based on the total combinedweight of the solids in the slurry on a dry basis.

4. Running and recording a post cement gamma ray log, if possibleutilizing the same tool type as used in the pre cement log, across thepotential zones of interest, including one or more cement intervals toobtain a post cement data set, and preferably also including zonesoutside the interval where cementing was anticipated. The logs may berun with the tool centered or eccentered within the casing or tubing.The pre cement and post cement logs are preferably run in the samecondition of eccentricity.

5. Comparing the pre cement and post cement data sets from the precement and post cement logs (after any log normalization), to determinelocation of cement particles in two or more depth intervals of thewellbore. Normalization may be necessary if the pre cement and postcement logs were run with different borehole conditions, or if differenttools or sources were used. This may be especially true if the precement log was recorded at an earlier time in the life history of thewell, using wireline, memory, and/or logging-while-drilling (LWD)sensors. Normalization procedures compare the log data from zonespreferably outside of the possibly cemented intervals in the pre cementand post cement logs. Since these zones have not changed between thelogs, the gains and/or offsets are applied to the logs to bring aboutagreement between the pre cement and post cement logs in thesenormalization intervals. The same gains/offsets are then applied to thelogs over the entire logged interval. Differences in the data indicatethe presence of the cement particles in the cemented annular region ofthe borehole.

6. Detecting a location, height, and/or percent fill of cement particlesplaced in the annular region of the borehole by identifying an intervalhaving the maximum increase in observed gamma rays as being indicativeof 100% fill and estimating a percent fill in the remaining intervalsusing any increase observed natural gamma activity in any other depthintervals as a percentage to the observed increase natural gammaactivity of the interval characterized as being 100% filled.

Further embodiments of the present invention include changes in themethods described herein such as, but not limited to, incorporatingmultiple pre cement logs into any pre cement versus post cementcomparisons, or the use of a simulated log for the pre cement log (suchsimulated logs being obtained for instance using neural networks togenerate simulated gamma ray log responses from other open or cased holelogs on the well), or the use of multiple stationary loggingmeasurements instead of, or in addition to, data collected withcontinuous logs.

A second method disclosed herein of estimating percentage fill utilizesa more sophisticated calibration method. In one or more exemplaryembodiments, a pre-determined relationship is developed between: (a) theobserved count rate in a gamma ray detector assembly or probe placed ina cavity in a calibrator, with the remainder of the calibrator filledwith the radioactive solids to be pumped downhole, and (b) the observedgamma log increase between pre-pack and post-pack gamma logs in a givenknown gravel pack geometry downhole in a 100% packed interval (asdetermined from other GP evaluation methods). Alternatively, therelationship can be determined from the calibrator count rate comparedwith a gamma log count rate from a logging tool utilized to detect thecount rate from a gravel pack annulus in a laboratory test formationsetup. A user can then predict from the gamma ray count rate in thecalibrator filled with an unknown sample of naturally radioactive packmaterial, how much increase would be expected in a 100% packed intervalif that pack material were used in a downhole gravel pack in a same orsimilar pack geometry. A user can also use the calibrator measurementsto estimate, based on modeling (or developing correspondingpre-determined relationships determined in other gravel packgeometries), percentage fill for the unknown radioactive pack materialwhen used in these other downhole gravel pack geometries. Similarprocesses can be developed for evaluating cement slurries using thecalibrator filled with cement or cement solids.

FIG. 1 depicts an exemplary gamma ray calibrator 100. The calibrator 100can include an inner tubing 102 having an outer surface 104 and an outertubing 106 having an inner surface 108. As depicted in FIG. 1, anannular space 110 exists between the outer surface 104 of the innertubing 102 and the inner surface 108 of the outer tubing 106. The gravelpack particles, proppant particles, proppant ore, gravel pack particleore, or cement (sample 112) can fill at least a portion of the annularspace 110. A gamma ray scintillation meter (not shown) can be placedwithin the inner tubing 102 to collect gamma ray counts originating fromthe sample occupying the annular space 110. A gamma ray calibrationsource (not shown) emitting a known level of gamma rays can be used to“calibrate” the gamma ray meter used in the calibrator 100.

In one or more exemplary embodiments, a calibrator procedure for agravel packing or cementing application includes: (1) taking a firstreading of the gamma ray meter with the calibrator 100 empty of allsources in order to detect the ambient background radioactivity; (2)positioning the calibration source adjacent an outer surface of theouter tubing 106, with the calibrator 100 still empty, to calibrate thegamma ray meter counting efficiency to the known strength of thecalibration source (including subtracting natural background, whichshould be very low); and (3) removing the calibration source and fillingthe chamber with the sample 112. The first sample or two can be frombatches of known gravel pack particles used in a new well, where a knownincrease in API gamma log counts coming from a 100% filled interval of agravel pack screen has been observed. After subtracting naturalbackground, the meter reading will approximately determine for thisknown fill material a conversion factor between meter reading and APIgamma counts in the well that would be coming from the fill material.This process can be repeated for a second known well with the same orsimilar borehole geometry as that of the first well to confirm that thesame conversion factor was obtained. The calibration procedure furtherincludes: (4) using MCNP modeling to compare the count rate results fordifferent gravel pack geometries to get conversion factors for eachcommon gravel pack screen/casing geometry.

After this initial procedure is completed and validated, an unknownradioactive proppant or proppant ore (or cement or cement solids)scheduled to be used in an upcoming well can be processed through thecalibrator 100, and the meter reading taken. Then, based on the meterreading and the borehole geometry in the upcoming well, the conversionfactor can be used to predict how much increase in gamma log APIreadings (above a pre-placement gamma ray log reading) should result ifthere is 100% gravel pack (or cement) in the annulus between tubulars.One could then linearly scale for percentage fill (e.g., half the gammaincrease=50% fill). If the linear scaling approximation proves not to besufficiently accurate, modeling and/or experimentation can be used todevelop a non-linear relationship between percentage gamma increase andpercentage fill. In a cementing or open hole gravel pack application,with cement or pack material placed between the outer tubular andborehole wall, the gamma increase would be directly related to thecement or pack volume in the tubular-borehole annular space.

It should also be mentioned that the calibrator 100 can also simply beused in the field or at a proppant or cement processing plant toevaluate proppant, cement, or ore samples to predict the effect, if any,they would have on gamma logs in wells. That information can assist indetermining what ores to source, or proppants or cements to make or use,in specific downhole applications.

In some embodiments, the operating company may not want excess naturalgamma radioactivity in selected wells after packing or cementingprocedures (perhaps in order to more easily detect radioactive saltsdeposited in perforations or in the cement annulus caused by waterproduction or channeling). In such embodiments, the calibrator could beused to screen the pack or cement solids to be used to eliminate batcheswith excess natural radioactivity.

The following example is included to demonstrate illustrativeembodiments of the present disclosure. It will be appreciated by thoseof ordinary skill in the art that the techniques disclosed in thisexample are merely illustrative and are not limiting. Indeed, those ofordinary skill in the art should, in light of the present disclosure,appreciate that many changes can be made in the specific embodimentsthat are disclosed, and still obtain a like or similar result withoutdeparting from the spirit and scope of the invention.

Example

The use of some embodiments was demonstrated in a field well test, asillustrated in FIG. 2. In this well, Gd₂O₃ tagged ceramic proppant waspacked between the outer well casing and an interior liner/screen. Thewell was also perforated and fractured before the gravel pack, asindicated in the figure. Therefore, the Gd₂O₃ tagged ceramic proppantwas also placed in thin formation fractures due to the packingoperation. The well was previously logged open hole and then logged witha dual-detector PNC logging tool combined with a natural gamma toolafter the gravel pack had been emplaced. However, no logging wasperformed just before the gravel pack for the cased hole. After thegravel pack, the tool was run in background mode, CO mode and sigmamode. A cased hole natural gamma ray log was obtained, and a boreholesigma log and formation sigma log were obtained by resolving theborehole and formation component capture cross sections. Capture gammaray detector count rates were computed during the sigma mode log. Agadolinium yield log was independently computed in both sigma mode andCO mode.

The logs available for analysis in FIG. 2 are: open hole natural gammaray log and after-pack cased hole natural gamma ray log, when theneutron generator was off (track 1), perforation flag (track 2), packmechanical assembly (track 3), silicon activation log (track 5),borehole sigma log (track 6), relative gadolinium yield log (track 7),open hole natural gamma ray log and normalized after-pack cased holenatural gamma ray log (track 8). The analyzed results of NRT proppantvolume fraction are presented in track 9, shown in FIG. 2. The logpresentation has been subdivided into 5 sub-intervals/zones (track 4)where there are differences in borehole tubules (zone 3 at top of log).

Observations:

The cased hole after gravel pack natural gamma ray log (GR_Gravel) whenthe neutron generator was off is shown in track 1, together with theopen hole natural gamma ray log (GR_OH). It is seen that theun-normalized cased-hole natural gamma ray log after the gravel packgenerally reads much lower than the open hole gamma ray log innon-packed depth intervals, due to the shielding from the casing andcement after the well was completed. However, in the packed interval,the cased hole natural gamma ray log reads about 30 API higher than inthe other log intervals (making it read close to the open hole gamma raylog in packed interval). Moreover, the top of the gravel pack (at X917ft) and the profile of the gravel pack (as indicated from the prior artGP indicating logs), agree well with the relative count rate increasesfrom the after-pack cased hole natural gamma ray log.

The silicon activation gravel pack log in track 5 also shows a veryclear gravel pack signal below x917 ft. Without being bound by theory,ceramic proppant contains a high concentration of silicon. However, thesilicon activation logs may be somewhat affected by the neutronactivation of other material, such as iron/manganese in zone 4, wherethe tubular wall thickness of the pack assembly is increased.

The borehole sigma log (track 6) shows a clear gravel pack signal belowx917 ft, where the log increases significantly compared to the depthinterval of blank pipe where no gravel pack signal is observed. Theincrease of borehole sigma in other depth intervals (such as zone 3, 4)are likely due to the increase of wall thickness of the fracture packassembly, which is primarily made of iron and has a high thermal neutronabsorption cross section. The decrease of the borehole sigma log intrack 6 at x939 ft. is probably due to the significant decrease of theformation sigma at the same depth, since sigma-fm and sigma-bh are nottotally independent parameters. However, the decrease of the boreholesigma log in track 6 at x947 ft. is due to incomplete gravel packing, asit is also indicated on other pack-indicating logs at same depth as well(such as the silicon activation log in track 5, the relative gadoliniumyield log from track 7 and cased hole natural gamma ray log in track 1and track 8).

The relative gadolinium yield log in the CO mode is shown in track 7.The relative gadolinium yield log show a good gravel signal below x917ft. and is also cleaner in other zones (such as in zone 4), compared toborehole sigma log and the silicon activation log. The reason is thatthe relative gadolinium yield measurement is much less affected by thepresence of iron in the borehole region than the borehole sigmameasurement.

The cased hole after gravel pack natural gamma ray log in track 1 wasnormalized to the open hole natural gamma ray in the blank pipe intervalwhere no gravel pack material is present to compensate for theattenuating effects from the casing and cement, and then compared to theopen hole gamma ray log, the results are show in track 8. It is clearthat, after log normalization, the comparison of (difference between)the normalized after-pack cased hole natural gamma ray and the open holenatural gamma ray log clearly indicates the gravel pack interval andprofile (shaded in yellow). The top of gravel pack is about x917 ft andthere is a void at x947 ft, consistent with the other GP logs. Thenormalized cased hole natural gamma ray in the depth interval of gravelpack is about 65 API higher than the open hole natural gamma ray. Sincethe logging speed of natural gamma ray log for this well is about 3times faster than that of gadolinium yield log, the natural gamma raylog is slightly more statistical than the gadolinium yield log. In someembodiments, logging slower or use of the average of the repeat logs (toreduce the log statistical uncertainty) may be performed.

If an open hole natural gamma ray log (or a pre-pack cased hole gammaray log) isn't available for comparison with the after pack log, and thezone of interest is known to have relatively constant gamma activity, abaseline can be drawn for the after-pack natural gamma ray log justabove the gravel packed interval and then the gravel pack quality can bedetermined from the magnitude of the gamma increase above the baseline.In this situation, log normalization is not necessary. In this way, onecan still get the top of gravel pack and the gravel fill in the annulus.However, the result may not be as quantitative as when using an openhole gamma log or pre-pack cased hole gamma log comparison with theafter pack gamma log.

The gravel pack volume fraction (light crosshatching in track 9) isobtained by assuming no gravel pack (0%) at x910 ft. and the maximumgravel pack (100%) at x921 ft. Moreover, the volume differences in theannulus outside the blank pipe, the screen and the joints in the casingare corrected in the calculation of proppant volume fraction in theannulus. The unpacked volume fraction is shaded in blue color.

Based on the results obtained in this field test, it is clear thatnatural gamma ray log can be used to evaluate the gravel pack quality ifnaturally radioactive ceramic proppant is used for, or combined with,other gravel pack materials. Although NRT tagged ceramic proppant wasused in this well to provide comparison between several GP indicatingmethods, ordinary ceramic proppant (non-NRT tagged proppant) or otherconventional proppant mixtures would work equally well for gravel packevaluation using a natural gamma ray tool, since the NRT tag does notaffect the natural gamma log.

If the calibrator discussed above were filled with the naturallyradioactive proppant used in this well, it would be possible to developa relationship between the calibrator meter reading and the maximumgamma log increase (representing 100% fill) for this gravel packgeometry. It would also be possible to develop a relationship betweenthe calibrator meter reading and the gamma log increases for differentgravel pack volume filling percentages for a particular screen, casing,cement, and/or well geometry. The calibrator could then be employed tomeasure the gamma activity from an unknown sample of naturallyradioactive proppant to be used in a future (geometrically similar) GPoperation to predict from the calibrator meter reading what gamma raylog increase would correlate to a 100% fill, and then partial fill couldbe scaled to the percentage of the maximum gamma ray increase seenthroughout the packed interval.

The foregoing detailed description is to be clearly understood as beinggiven by way of illustration and example only, the spirit and scope ofthe present disclosure being limited solely by the appended claims.

What is claimed is:
 1. A method for logging a well, comprising:obtaining a pre pack data set; utilizing a gravel pack slurry comprisinga liquid and gravel pack particles to hydraulically place the particlesinto a gravel pack zone of a borehole penetrating a subterraneanformation; obtaining a post gravel pack data set by: lowering into theborehole traversing the subterranean formation a gamma ray detector; anddetecting gamma rays resulting from a native radioactivity of the gravelpack particles; comparing the post gravel pack data set and the pregravel pack data set to determine the location of the gravel packparticles; and correlating the location of the gravel pack particles toa depth measurement of the borehole to determine the location, height,and/or percent fill of gravel-pack particles placed in the gravel packzone of the borehole.
 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the gravel packparticles are formed from a raw material having the nativeradioactivity.
 3. The method of claim 2, wherein the raw material isclay.
 4. The method of claim 3, wherein the clay is selected from thegroup consisting of kaolin, bauxite, and any mixture thereof.
 5. Themethod of claim 4, wherein the native radioactivity is provided by theclay comprising uranium, thorium, potassium, radium, or a combinationthereof.
 6. The method of claim 1, wherein the gravel pack particles donot contain boron, cadmium, gadolinium, samarium, or iridium.
 7. Themethod of claim 1, wherein a first portion of the gravel pack particlescontains a thermal neutron absorbing material and a second portion ofthe gravel pack particles does not contain a thermal neutron absorbingmaterial.
 8. The method of claim 1, further comprising: obtaining thepre gravel pack data set by: lowering into the borehole traversing thesubterranean formation a gamma ray detector; and detecting gamma rays,wherein the pre gravel pack data set is obtained prior to placing theparticles into the gravel pack zone of the borehole.
 9. The method ofclaim 8, further comprising normalizing the pre gravel pack and postgravel pack data sets for differences in borehole conditions prior tocomparing the pre gravel pack and post gravel pack data sets.
 10. Themethod of claim 9, wherein the normalizing the pre gravel pack and postgravel pack data sets comprises comparing an after-pack cased holenatural gamma ray log with an open hole natural gamma ray log.
 11. Amethod for logging a well, comprising: obtaining a pre cement data set;utilizing a cement slurry comprising a liquid and solid particles tocement one or more well tubulars in place in a borehole penetrating asubterranean formation; obtaining a post cement data set by: loweringinto the borehole traversing the subterranean formation a gamma raydetector; and detecting gamma rays resulting from a native radioactivityof the solid particles; comparing the post cement data set and the precement data set to determine the location of the solid particles; andcorrelating the location of the solid particles to a depth measurementof the borehole to determine the location, axial distribution, radialdistribution, and/or height of the cement slurry placed in the cementedzone of the borehole.
 12. The method of claim 11, wherein the clay isselected from the group consisting of kaolin, bauxite, and any mixturethereof.
 13. The method of claim 11, wherein the solid particles do notcontain boron, cadmium, gadolinium, samarium, or iridium.
 14. The methodof claim 11, wherein a first portion of the solid particles contains athermal neutron absorbing material and a second portion of the solidparticles does not contain a thermal neutron absorbing material.
 15. Themethod of claim 11, further comprising: obtaining the pre cement dataset by: lowering into the borehole traversing the subterranean formationa gamma ray detector; detecting gamma rays, wherein the pre cement dataset is obtained prior to cementing the one or more well tubulars inplace in the borehole.
 16. The method of claim 15, further comprisingnormalizing the pre cement and post cement data sets for differences inborehole conditions prior to comparing the pre cement and post cementdata sets.
 17. The method of claim 16, wherein the cement slurry is freeof iridium.
 18. The method of claim 11, wherein the native radioactivityis provided by the clay comprising uranium, thorium, potassium, radium,or a combination thereof.